Heart disease

Heart disease
Classification and external resources
Micrograph a heart with fibrosis (yellow) and amyloidosis (brown). Movat's stain.
ICD-10	I00-I52
ICD-9	390-429
MeSH	D006331

Heart disease or cardiopathy is an umbrella term for a variety of different diseases affecting the heart. As of 2007, it is the leading cause of death in the United States,^[1][2] England, Canada and Wales,^[3] accounting for 25.4% of the total deaths in the United States.^[4]

Types

Coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease refers to the failure of the coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. Coronary heart disease is most commonly equated with Coronary artery disease although coronary heart disease can be due to other causes, such as coronary vasospasm.^[5]

Coronary artery disease is a disease of the artery caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.

Over 459,000 Americans die of coronary heart disease every year.^[6] In the United Kingdom, 101,000 deaths annually are due to coronary heart disease.^[7]

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease" (Myo= muscle, pathy= disease) It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.

• Extrinsic cardiomyopathies – cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies:
  • Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
  • Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
  • Valvular cardiomyopathy – see also Valvular heart disease below
  • Inflammatory cardiomyopathy – see also Inflammatory heart disease below
  • Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
  • Myocardiodystrophy
• Intrinsic cardiomyopathies – weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished.
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) – genetic disorder caused by various mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) – arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) – least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood.
  • Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy – the left ventricle wall has failed to properly grow from birth and such has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Types of cardiovascular disease include:

• Atherosclerosis

Ischaemic heart disease

• Ischaemic heart disease – another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organs.

Heart failure

Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body. Therefore leading to the heart and body's failure.

• Cor pulmonale, a failure of the right side of the heart.

Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease is heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:

• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Coronary heart disease
• (Congestive) heart failure
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
• Cardiac arrhythmias

Inflammatory heart disease

Disability-adjusted life year for inflammatory heart diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.^[8]

     no data      less than 70      70-140      140-210      210-280      280-350      350-420      420-490      490-560      560-630      630-700      700-770      more than 770

Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.

• Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.
• Inflammatory cardiomegaly
• Myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart.

Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart disease is disease process that affects one or more valves of the heart. There are four major heart valve which may be affected by valvular heart disease, including the tricuspid and aortic valves in the right side of the heart, as well as the mitral and aortic valves in the left side of the heart.

See also

• Aneurysm
  • Aortic aneurysm
• British Heart Foundation
• Cardiac psychology
• Diet and heart disease
• Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
• High blood pressure (Hypertension)
• National Wear Red Day
• Oral hygiene
• Pericarditis
• Thrombosis

References

External links

• VIDEO - Heart Disease in the Female Population: Prevalence, Presentation and Pathophysiology, Mary Zasadil, MD, speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2007)
• Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada – Information Resource on Heart Disease